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This study aims to examine the relationship between global renewable energy consumption and economic growth in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries from 2001 to 2019.

This paper used a panel regression model to study the six GCC countries over the period from 2001 to 2019.

As expected, the findings indicated a significant and negative relationship between global renewable energy consumption and GCC economic growth. Additionally, there was a positive and significant relationship between GCC economic growth and the control variables, specifically labor, capital, CO₂ emissions and non-renewable energy production.

The results are of great importance to policymakers in GCC oil-exporting countries, as expected growth in renewable energy consumption will lower their economic growth in the future. Hence, they should first diversify their economy and lower their dependence on oil. Second, these countries can invest in solar energy through international joint ventures, especially with North African countries in close proximity to Europe, to become leaders in solar energy production.

How global energy consumption is related to GCC countries’ economic growth remains unclear, not only in GCC countries but also in many oil-exporting countries around the world, so future studies are needed. Furthermore, GCC governments will be able to create appropriate policies for the green economy and achieve their objectives if they have a comprehensive understanding of how global growth in renewable energy demand affects GCC economies.

The problem of laminar cross‐flow forced convection heat transfer from a horizontal cylinder covered with an orthotropic porous layer was investigated numerically. The effects of porous layer thickness, radial resistance, tangential resistance, and incoming flow Reynolds number on the average Nusselt number were studied in detail. There was up to 40 per cent reduction in the average Nusselt number at high values of Reynolds number. The tangential resistance effect on the Nusselt number was dominant over that of the radial resistance. The effectiveness of the porous layer increased at high values of porous layer thickness as well as at high values of Reynolds number.

The purpose of this paper is to present a numerical solution for the problem of steady laminar flow and heat transfer characteristics of viscous incompressible fluid.

For this purpose a two dimensional code has been developed to simulate the natural convection heat transfer along a vertical cylinder, for four different geometries: from vertical cylinder in infinite medium; from a vertical flat plate in an infinite medium; from an open assembly of a finite vertical cylinder; and from an open rectangular pitch assembly of cylinders.

The effects of various parameters of interest have been discussed through simulations. The Nusselt numbers of constant wall temperature and constant heat flux cylinders calculated numerically and compared with Lee et al. and Heckel et al., respectively, and are found within reasonable agreement. For large radius, a vertical cylinder has been treated as a vertical flat plate, so that the curvature effects become negligible. For the case of vertical flat plate, Nusselt number has been compared with analytical relation for the local Nusselt number given by Jaluria.

The natural convection has been studied for four different geometries: the flow regime in all the case studies has been assumed to be Laminar.

Computer code developed for current study can be applied to many other geometries to simulate natural convection heat transfer.

The aim of this work is to determine the optimal number and location of the fin(s) for maximum laminar forced convection heat transfer from a cylinder with multiple high conductivity radial fins on its outer surface in cross‐flow, i.e. Nusselt number, over a range of Reynolds numbers.

The effect of several combinations of number of fins, fin height, and fin(s) tangential location on the average Nusselt number was studied over the range of Reynolds numbers (5‐150). The problem was investigated numerically using finite difference method over a stretched grid. The optimal number and placement of the fins, for maximum Nusselt number, was determined for several combinations of Reynolds number and fin height. The percentage improvement in heat transfer per fin(s) unit length, i.e. cost‐efficiency, was also studied.

The results indicate that the fin(s) combination with the highest normalised Nusselt number is not necessarily the combination that results in the highest fin cost‐efficiency.

The results of the study can be used to design highly efficient cross‐flow forced convection heat transfer configurations from a horizontal cylinder with minimum cost.